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Land Warfare
Will we see a rise in MBT alternatives in future armoured warfare?
25th November 2025
In recent years, there has been an increase in the number of militaries procuring alternative vehicles to the traditional tank. The spread of these vehicles appears to be driven by the ever-increasing cost of MBTs and the changing nature of the modern battlefield.
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Land Warfare
DSEI 2025: MBDA introduces NLOS Akeron 120 MBT missile
9th September 2025
The no-line-of-sight (NLOS) missile is MBDA’s latest ammunition offering for main battle tanks (MBTs), with the company foreseeing an entry to market date window for Akeron within the next two years.
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Land Warfare
Rheinmetall and KNDS tank tie-up narrows trans-European options
18th December 2025
The French and German governments signed an agreement in June 2018 to cooperate on the development of a new main battle tank under the Main Ground Combat System programme but the effort has struggled. This new agreement may damage it further.
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Land Warfare
Light tanks for Slovakia – cost-effective alternative or false economy?
26th September 2025
Slovakia is currently considering replacing its Soviet era main battle tanks (MBTs) with lighter alternatives. However, the lower cost of these platforms may prove to be a false economy if they cannot compete with true MBTs.
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Land Warfare
What does Germany’s new tank joint venture mean for MGCS?
16th July 2025
Germany is Europe’s leading country for tank manufacture and until this month was committed to the Franco-German Main Ground Combat System (MGCS) which included tanks and other vehicles. Earlier this month, Germany and other European countries set up the Main ARmoured Tank of Europe (MARTE) project casting a shadow over the MGCS.
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Land Warfare
Russian T-90MS MBT goes for maximum survivability
25th November 2025
The in-production T-90MS comes with five levels of protection to tackle a wide range of evolving threats on the battlefield.
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Land Warfare
Details revealed on Serbia’s M-84 improved tank
2nd October 2025
The former Yugoslavia built a version of the Russian T-72 main battle tank under the local designation of the M-84. Hundreds of these remain in service with Serbia, Croatia, Slovenia and Kuwait.
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Land Warfare
2025 land market review: British Army woes, European heavy armour and US MBT progress
18th December 2025
The last year has seen several major procurements in the land market. Shephard’s Dr Peter Magill reviews the main trends and themes in land procurement of 2025.
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Land Warfare
New version of Altay tank to be delivered “soon” with Turkish engine for later iterations
19th August 2025
The first of the Altay T1 Main Battle Tanks (MBTs) will have a South Korean power pack while later Altay T2s will be fitted with the locally made BMC BATU engine.
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Land Warfare
IDEF 2025: Turkey’s MKE unveils electric armoured vehicles
1st August 2025
MKE’s move into the development of armoured vehicles and turret is a new line for MKE. The company is not only the largest contractor for small arms and ammunition in Tukey but are also prime contractor for artillery and tank barrels as well as the Bora 105mm towed howitzer.
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Land Warfare
First Skyranger 35 air defence gun arrives in Ukraine
20th November 2025
The Skyranger 35 for Ukraine is mounted on a Leopard 1 tank and is fitted with a KDG 35/1000 35mm/228-calibre cannon with a firing rate of 1,000 rounds per minute and a range up to 4km. The platforms join more than 6,000 vehicles in service or promised.
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Land Warfare
Europe looks to solve tank procurement challenges with upgraded and new platforms
28th August 2025
The UK government in 2019 reflected a common attitude towards main battle tanks (MBTs) across Western Europe as it moved to reduce its fleet from 227 Challenger 2 vehicles to 148, which would be upgraded under a plan that eventually produced the Challenger 3. Now, however, there is an increased interest in platforms new, upgraded and planned across the continent.
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Land Warfare
Croatia orders Leopards and CAESAR howitzers as Lithuania orders more CAESARs
12th December 2025
The Leopard is becoming the tank of choice in central and eastern Europe as Croatia joins Lithuania, the Czech Republic and Hungary in ordering the platform. Lithuania and Croatia have also signed for CAESAR howitzers.
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Land Warfare
New Type 100 AFVs help China leapfrog ahead of other Western concepts
19th September 2025
China’s fourth-generation armoured fighting vehicles (AFVs) have pulled ahead of international analogues in their concept of operations, but questions remain about the reliability of their advanced technologies further down the line.
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Land Warfare
South Korean companies turning necessity into export opportunity
14th November 2025
South Korea’s particular geopolitical situation and threat environment has created a defence industry ecosystem of substantial size and breadth.
Programme Results - Defence Insight
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Main battle tanks
Peru T-55 MBT Replacement
Programme Background Peru received 280 T-55 MBTs from the Soviet Union during the 1970s. Despite their age, these tanks continue to see service, alongside even ...
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Main battle tanks
MBT [Tunisia]
Programme Background The Tunisian MoD has not disclosed any intention to modernise or replace its M60A3s, but an unconfirmed report published by Tactical Report in January ...
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Main battle tanks
New MBT [Spain]
Programme Background One of the long-term needs identified in the Spanish Army's Force 2035 modernisation plan is a next-generation MBT. To this end, the Spanish ...
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Main battle tanks
New MBT [Belgium]
Programme Background Belgium formally retired its MBT capability in 2014, when it took the last of its 132 KMW Leopard 1A5BE MBTs out of service. ...
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Main battle tanks
PETEF - MBT
The Colombian Army has evaluated several offers for MBT platforms in the past, though none of these have progressed to the formal contract stage. For ...
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Main battle tanks
New MBT [Romania]
Programme Background Requirement The Romanian Army's MBT fleet is composed of T-55 variants that are due to be retired in the mid-2020s. Although Romania's TR-85 ...
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Main battle tanks
M1A2 Abrams SEPv3 [Romania]
Programme Background Requirement The Romanian Army's MBT fleet is composed of T-55 variants that are due to be retired in the mid-2020s. Although Romania's TR-85 ...
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Main battle tanks
C1 Ariete Replacement [Italy]
Programme Background Background Following nearly 20 years of service within the Italian Army, the C1 Ariete MBT is due for an upgrade or replacement. Suffering ...
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Main battle tanks
Botswana K2 MBT
Programme Background The only indication that the Botswana Ground Force was considering the acquisition of the K2 MBT came from a report in Botswana's The ...
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Main battle tanks
Saudi Arabia New MBT
Programme Background Between 1993 and 1994, 315 M1A2 Abrams MBTs were delivered to Saudi Arabia as part of a US$1.5 billion deal with the US. ...
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Main battle tanks
MBT replacement [Slovenia]
Programme Background When Slovenia became independent in 1991, it inherited 54 M-84 MBTs from the former Yugoslav National Army. In the years after independence, the Slovenian ...
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Main battle tanks
Leclerc Upgrade (UAE)
Programme Background The UAE MoD has not disclosed any intention to modernise or replace its Leclerc MBTs, but an unconfirmed report published by the Asian Defence ...
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Main battle tanks
VT4 Haider (Pakistan)
Programme Background Pakistan appears to have commenced its programme to acquire a new military off-the-shelf MBT in 2015, when several MBT designs were tested under ...
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Main battle tanks
MBT [Egypt]
Programme Background The Egyptian Army operates a vast number of MBTs, including 1,130 General Dynamics Land Systems (GDLS) M1A1 Abrams assembled in fits and starts between 1984 ...
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Main battle tanks
Wilk
Programme Background The Wilk programme was included in the Polish MoDs Technical Modernisation Plan of the Polish Armed Forces for 2021-2035. It was primarily aimed ...
Equipment Results - Defence Insight
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Main battle tanks
MBT-2000
Norinco originally developed the Type 90-II for China's People's Liberation Army (PLA), but when it was not selected by the PLA, it continued to develop and ...
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Land: vehicle simulators
MBT-S
The DynaSim Main Battle Tank Simulator (MBT-S) is a medium-fidelity training system for crews and platoon/company commanders. It provides interoperable simultaneous tactical training of multiple ...
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Crew-served assault/anti-tank weapons
130 mm MBT gun
The 130mm L/52 main battle tank (MBT) gun is produced by Rheinmetall and forms part of the company’s Future Gun System. The L/52 is compatible ...
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Main battle tanks
Al-Khalid/Al-Khalid-I
In 1990, China and Pakistan agreed to jointly develop a new MBT which would be manufactured by HIT for the Pakistan Army. The Al-Khalid is ...
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Light tanks
Type 100 Tank
Officially unveiled at the September 2025 V-Day parade, the Type 100 Tank is claimed by China to be a fourth-generation Main Battle Tank (MBT), making ...
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Land: vehicle surveillance/target acquisition systems
GPTTS
Deployed on the Korean K1 MBT, the Gunner’s Primary Tank Thermal Sight (GPTTS) is an integrated FCS that combines direct-view optics, a Gen I 120-channel ...
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Land: vehicle surveillance/target acquisition systems
ELRF M1/LRFD M1
The ELRF M1 eyesafe laser range finder (LRF) and the LRFD M1 LRF/designator both bolt onto the gunner’s primary sight on the M1 Abrams MBT. ...
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Land: battlefield and ground surveillance radar
P-200 Credo-1
The P-200 Credo-1 is a tripod-mounted, pulse-Doppler ground/coastal surveillance radar capable of detecting and tracking a variety of targets. This includes people, vehicles, ships and ...
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Main battle tanks
VT4 (MBT-3000)
The 125mm-armed VT4, also known as the MBT-3000, is the latest MBT developed and manufactured by Norinco. Displayed internationally for the first time at Eurosatory in ...
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Land: battlefield and ground surveillance radar
RATAC-S
The Radar d’Aide au Tir d’Artillerie de Campagne (RATAC-S) is a multipurpose radar designed to detect, locate and classify ground targets or low-flying aircraft at ...
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Main battle tanks
EMBT
KNDS (KMW + NEXTER Defense Systems) presented its first joint product, the EMBT (European Main Battle Tank) demonstrator, at the June 2018 Eurosatory defence exhibition. The EMBT mounts ...
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Main battle tanks
Leopard 2 Next Generation
Aselsan unveiled its Leopard 2 Next Generation (NG) MBT upgrade proposal for the Turkish Land Forces Command’s fleet of almost 300 Leopard 2A4s at Turkey’s ...
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Main battle tanks
KF51 Panther
Rheinmetall unveiled the KF51 Panther at Eurosatory 2022. The MBT uses Leopard 2 components in its bare chassis but with a brand new turret. Its main armament is the ...
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Land: vehicle surveillance/target acquisition systems, Sea: optronic masts and periscopes
Iris
The Iris is a thermal imager designed for multiple applications, including ship optronic masts. The Iris has claimed detection/recognition ranges with two FOVs of 13/5km ...
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Light tanks
CV90120-T
BAE Systems developed the CV90120-T as a private venture to provide customers with a vehicle that combines the firepower of a 120mm-armed MBT with the ...
