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Land Warfare
General Dynamics to upgrade Ukraine-bound Spanish Leopards
26th March 2024
The 120mm-armed Leopard 2 MBT was developed in the 1970s as a replacement for the German Army’s 105mm Leopard 1s. Spain's fleet of Leopard 2A4s were originally leased from Germany for five-years but eventually purchased in 2005.
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Uncrewed Vehicles
US Replicator drone programme enters second year facing uncertainties and challenges
20th August 2024
To date, it is unclear to what extent the effort advanced. In order to progress, it also needs to address issues related to budget, doctrine and integration.
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Land Warfare
Swiss move forward on enhancing indirect firepower
29th May 2024
The Swiss Army will select a new self-propelled artillery system to replace its aging Pz Hb 88/95 155mm tracked units in a bid to modernise its artillery capabilities.
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Land Warfare
PAC-3E uses Aegis to intercept live target
21st May 2024
The MIM-104F Phased Array Tracking to Intercept of Target (Patriot) Advanced Capability-3 (PAC-3) is a long-range, medium- to high-altitude, all-weather air defence missile designed to counter tactical ballistic missiles, cruise missiles and advanced aircraft.
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Land Warfare
KNDS pitches new Leopard 2 variant as 'gap-filler' to MGCS next-gen tank
19th June 2024
The Leopard 2 A-RC 3.0 focuses on protection and firepower by taking the crew out of the turret, providing a 30mm cannon for C-UAS use and offering a 130mm or 140mm main gun option. It can be built new or delivered as an upgrade option for existing Leopard 2s to fill the 10-year gap before the Main Ground Combat System enters service.
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Land Warfare
Europe’s Defence Future: The Strategic Importance of the MGCS Project (Opinion)
28th May 2024
The Main Ground Combat System (MGCS) project, initiated by Germany and France in 2018, symbolises a transformative step forward in European defence capabilities.
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Uncrewed Vehicles
How Russia is ramping up efforts to counter drones in Ukraine
30th April 2024
Russian forces in Ukraine have been employing multifaceted strategies to counteract drones, as a past reliance on large-scale electronic warfare has shifted towards diverse, localised countermeasures.
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Digital Battlespace
Space Dominance: How Laser Technologies are Reshaping Modern Military Operations
27th May 2024
High-energy lasers and space-based technologies now play a pivotal role in modern military operations, emphasising their role in enhancing communications, surveillance, and security across multi-domain operations, particularly with the increasingly strategic use of space-based capabilities.
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Digital Battlespace
Orbital Overwatch: The Crucial Role of Lasers in Space-Based Intelligence
8th May 2024
Amidst escalating global tensions, cutting-edge laser technology and expansive space domain awareness are vital for military operations. Orbital intelligence is transforming the landscape of global security, demonstrating its critical role in contemporary warfare.
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Defence Notes
US accuses Russia of using banned chemical weapons in Ukraine
2nd May 2024
Moscow was blamed for perpetrating multiple gas attacks with a choking agent against Kyiv’s armed forces.
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Defence Notes
Can NATO countries succeed in a war against Russia?
13th June 2024
Member states have been preparing personnel and inventory for a high-intensity conflict but many challenges remain.
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Land Warfare
Belgium pledges 300 Lynx combat vehicles and three minehunter vessels to Ukraine
18th March 2024
Brussels has pledged to provide a total of US$665 million in military aid to Ukraine in 2024.
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Land Warfare
Laser Precision: The Key to Countering the Rising UAS Threat (Studio)
12th June 2024
The rise of drones in warfare is revolutionising the battlefield, introducing new threats that require innovative countermeasures. Lasers, with their advantages of precision and efficiency, are at the forefront of this technological defence.
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Defence Notes
NATO outlines future challenges as Ukrainian funding from US stalls
15th March 2024
In 2023, defence spending increased by an unprecedented 11% across European NATO countries and Canada. Since 2014, the group has spent an additional US$600 billion on defence.
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Land Warfare
Ukraine receives first M1117 armoured vehicles from US
18th March 2024
The ASVs have finally started making their way to Ukraine to support efforts against Russia after originally being ordered in November 2022 as part of a US$400 million military aid package.
Programme Results - Defence Insight
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Military UAS - fixed-wing, Military UAS - mini
RQ-35 Heidrun (Ukraine Aid) [Germany]
Programme Background Early 2024 On 28 March 2024, the German Federal Government provided an update on the military aid it had given to Ukraine. In ...
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Military UAS - fixed-wing, Military UAS - MALE
Akinci [Ukraine]
Programme Background Two Export Contracts In January 2022, the Daily Sabah reported that Baykar had "recently" signed its first export contract for the Akinci. Haluk Bayraktar ...
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Loitering munitions
Switchblade 600 (Ukraine Aid) [US]
Programme Background $300 Million USAI (1 April 2022) On 1 April 2022, the US DoD announced a $300 million military aid package for Ukraine following ...
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Loitering munitions, Military UAS - fixed-wing
Phoenix Ghost (Ukraine Aid) [US]
Programme Background Presidential Drawdown (21 April 2022) Following Russia's invasion of Ukraine on 24 February 2022, on 21 April 2022, President Biden announced an $800 ...
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Patrol boats
FPB 98 (Ukraine)
Programme Background The international competition had been launched in the Spring of 2018 by the Ukrainian Ministry of Interior for the reinforcement of the State ...
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Military UAS - fixed-wing, Military UAS - MALE
Bayraktar TB2 (Aid & Discounted Units) [Ukraine]
Programme Background Pre Invasion Units The Ukrainian Army purchased 12 TB2 units in January 2019 for a reported $69 million. Deliveries began in June 2019, ...
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Loitering munitions, Military UAS - fixed-wing, Military UAS - mini
UX11 (Ukraine Aid) [France]
Programme Background First Batch On 6 September 2023, Sébastien Lecornu, the French Minister of Defence, announced Delair was providing Ukraine with more than 150 drones. ...
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Military UAS - rotary-wing, Military UAS - small
T-150 (Ukraine Aid) [UK]
Programme Background Virtual Address On 24 February 2022, Russia invaded Ukraine. On 3 May 2022, the UK's Prime Minister, Boris Johnson, virtually addressed the Ukrainian ...
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APCs/IFVs - tracked
CV90 [Ukraine - Forecast]
Programme Background Announced at the NATO Defense Ministers’ Meeting in Brussels in June 2023, Ukraine formally signed a Joint Declaration on Cooperation in the Procurement and Operation ...
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Loitering munitions
Switchblade 300 (Ukraine Aid) [US]
Programme Background Presidential Drawdown (16 March 2022 & 13 April 2022) On 16 March 2022, President Biden announced $800 million in security assistance to Ukraine through ...
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Loitering munitions, Military UAS - mini, Military UAS - rotary-wing
FPV Drones (Ukraine Aid) [Lithuania]
Programme Background 3000 FPV Drones On 5 April 2024, the Lithuanian MoD announced it would purchase around 3,000 Lithuanian-made FPV drones to give to Ukraine to ...
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Military UAS - fixed-wing
Drones (Ukraine Aid) [Norway]
Programme Background September 2024 On 3 September 2024, the Norwegian government announced that "Ukraine will get more drones donated to their frontline, and more air ...
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APCs/IFVs - 8x8
Bison & Coyote (Ukraine Aid) [Canada]
Programme Background Since the full-scale Russian invasion of Ukraine in 2022, Canada has been one of several NATO countries to supply Ukraine with continuous support. ...
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Military UAS - micro, Military UAS - rotary-wing
Latvian Drones (2024) (Ukraine Aid) [Latvia]
Background Ukrainian Defence Contact Group (UDCG) In January 2024, the Ukrainian Defence Contact Group (UDCG), a multi-nation organisation that coordinates military aid for Ukraine, established a drone ...
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Military UAS - mini, Military UAS - rotary-wing
FPV Drones [Lithuania]
Programme Background Ukraine FPV Drones On 5 April 2024, the Lithuanian MoD announced it would purchase around 3,000 Lithuanian-made FPV drones to give to Ukraine ...
Equipment Results - Defence Insight
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Military UAS - micro, Military UAS - rotary-wing
Vespa-15
The Vespa-15 is a first-person view (FPV) rotary-wing UAV manufactured by a Ukrainian company. In May 2025, the Ministry of Defence (MoD) of Ukraine announced it ...
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Loitering munitions, Military UAS - micro, Military UAS - rotary-wing
Shpak
Shpak is a mini rotary wing, FPV style, UAV manufactured by RSI Europe. Primarily designed to carry explosives, the drone was developed to help Ukraine ...
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Tanks
T-80UD
The 125mm-armed T-80UD MBT is a variant of the T-80 which was in production in Ukraine when the Soviet Union broke up in 1991. An ...
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Military UAS - fixed-wing, Military UAS - mini
Pro
The Pro VTOL is a fixed-wing UAV from DeltaQuad. It is available in three models, the Map, View and Cargo variants, which primarily impact the attached payload. ...
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Military UAS - fixed-wing, Military UAS - mini
REX
The REX is an in-development Ukrainian mini-attack drone. It can hold and subsequently drop various munitions weighing up to 10kg and can locate, fix, track, ...
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Military UAS - fixed-wing, Military UAS - mini
Observer-S
The Observer-S is a UAV produced by Def C of the Intecracy Group in Ukraine. Its main purpose is aerial survey and reconnaissance. It is ...
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Military UAS - fixed-wing, Military UAS - mini
Astero
Manufactured by Nordic Wing, the Astero is a fixed-wing mini UAV designed for ISR missions. The drone is equipped with a NightHawk 2 camera. In the ...
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Military UAS - micro, Military UAS - rotary-wing
Black Hornet 3
The Black Hornet 3 is the next generation of the PD-100 Black Hornet, the world's smallest nano-UAS. This new model of the Black Hornet provides ...
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Loitering munitions
HF-1
The HF-1 is a loitering munition produced by Helsing in cooperation with Ukrainian companies. Germany is acquiring and supplying a vast quantity of the aircraft to Ukraine ...
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Military UAS - fixed-wing, Military UAS - tactical
Patriot R2
The new-generation Patriot R2 UAS is used for military and civil/commercial applications and provides reconnaissance support. It was designed in response to fighting that occurred ...
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Air: Helmet-mounted displays
SURA HMTDS
SURA is a helmet-mounted display system produced in Ukraine. Notably, it offers off-boresight acquisition capability to pilots and can cue the aircraft's sensor systems using ...
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Aircraft carriers
Liaoning (Type 001)
Liaoning, China's first aircraft carrier, is a refurbished cold war-era aircraft carrier that was commissioned in 2012. The ship is a former Soviet Navy aircraft ...
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Air-to-air missiles
Vympel R-27
The Vympel R-27 (NATO reporting name AA-10 Alamo) is a Soviet air-to-air missile. It remains in service with the Russian Air Force and is also ...
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Crew-served assault/anti-tank weapons
Stugna
The Stugna-P is an anti-tank guided missile system designed and manufactured in Ukraine by the Kyiv-based Luch design bureau. It features a laser-guided system with ...
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EO/IR systems
NightHawk2-UZ
The NightHawk2-UZ is a dual EO-IR stabilised camera turret from NextVision designed for long-range observation applications that demand low weight. The 350g sensor's IR camera has a 1280x720p ...
