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Land Warfare
The year ahead: Major trends and forecasts for the land domain in 2026
8th January 2026
2025 was a busy year for the land domain and 2026 looks set to be just as big. Shephard’s Dr Peter Magill analyses some of the major trends we are likely to see in the year ahead.
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Land Warfare
Land forces review: Tanks, trucks and IFVs dominate but woes remain for Ajax
29th January 2026
This year has begun with main battle tanks taking the lead while orders for large logistics and support vehicles continued from last year. Additionally, two of the British Army’s most significant contracted vehicle programmes, Ajax reconnaissance vehicle and Challenger 3 tank, continued to make news in January.
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Land Warfare
First Skyranger 35 air defence gun arrives in Ukraine
20th November 2025
The Skyranger 35 for Ukraine is mounted on a Leopard 1 tank and is fitted with a KDG 35/1000 35mm/228-calibre cannon with a firing rate of 1,000 rounds per minute and a range up to 4km. The platforms join more than 6,000 vehicles in service or promised.
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Land Warfare
Active vehicle protection comes to the forefront as Trophy and Iron Fist secure contracts
16th February 2026
Experience on the battlefield is accelerating the adoption of active protection systems as technologies continue to evolve to reflect shifting global defence needs.
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Land Warfare
EuroTrophy systems contracted for Leopard 2A8 tank buyers as demand rises
20th January 2026
Rafael Advanced Defense Systems, the original designer and manufacturer of the system, states that more than 1,800 have been sold and, while not all customers are known, more than 1,000 of these have been bought by the US and Israel.
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Land Warfare
Croatia orders Leopards and CAESAR howitzers as Lithuania orders more CAESARs
12th December 2025
The Leopard is becoming the tank of choice in central and eastern Europe as Croatia joins Lithuania, the Czech Republic and Hungary in ordering the platform. Lithuania and Croatia have also signed for CAESAR howitzers.
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Land Warfare
Europe looks to solve tank procurement challenges with upgraded and new platforms
28th August 2025
The UK government in 2019 reflected a common attitude towards main battle tanks (MBTs) across Western Europe as it moved to reduce its fleet from 227 Challenger 2 vehicles to 148, which would be upgraded under a plan that eventually produced the Challenger 3. Now, however, there is an increased interest in platforms new, upgraded and planned across the continent.
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Land Warfare
IDEF 2025: Turkey’s MKE unveils electric armoured vehicles
1st August 2025
MKE’s move into the development of armoured vehicles and turret is a new line for MKE. The company is not only the largest contractor for small arms and ammunition in Tukey but are also prime contractor for artillery and tank barrels as well as the Bora 105mm towed howitzer.
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Land Warfare
New Type 100 AFVs help China leapfrog ahead of other Western concepts
19th September 2025
China’s fourth-generation armoured fighting vehicles (AFVs) have pulled ahead of international analogues in their concept of operations, but questions remain about the reliability of their advanced technologies further down the line.
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Land Warfare
South Korean companies turning necessity into export opportunity
14th November 2025
South Korea’s particular geopolitical situation and threat environment has created a defence industry ecosystem of substantial size and breadth.
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Land Warfare
New agreement signed and another order for CV90s
24th November 2025
More than 1,800 BAE Systems Hägglunds CV90 armoured personnel carriers/infantry fighting vehicles have been ordered by European countries, with some looking at the platform as an option for a light tank.
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Land Warfare
DSEI 2025: First mobility trials completed for British Army Challenger 3 tanks
11th September 2025
The mobility trials saw the Challenger 3 main battle tank (MBT) tested at a variety of locations in the UK, covering a combined 760km across a variety of terrains including road and cross country.
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Land Warfare
Contract moves new Abrams tank forward in the face of cuts
8th July 2025
Several US Army vehicle programmes were axed by US Secretary of Defense Pete Hegseth’s plans to transform the US Army, as outlined in the Letter to the Force: Army Transformation Initiative document. However, the new generation Abrams M1E3 main battle tank (MBT) was singled out for survival. But what will it look like?
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Land Warfare
BAE Systems Hägglunds’ CV90120 medium tank takes shape
5th November 2025
The new vehicle will be based on the CV90 Mk IV chassis and turret, and will be armed with a Rheinmetall 120mm L44A1 low recoil smoothbore gun.
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Land Warfare
DSEI 2025: Leopard 1 offered extra kick with new power pack
4th September 2025
The new power pack from Germany’s Flensburger Fahrzeugbau Gesellschaft (FFG) is about 300kg lighter than the original system, consists of a more modern eight-cylinder diesel developing up to 1,080hp. It is being shown for the first time at DSEI.
Programme Results - Defence Insight
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Main battle tanks
MBT [Tunisia]
Programme Background The Tunisian MoD has not disclosed any intention to modernise or replace its M60A3s, but an unconfirmed report published by Tactical Report in January ...
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Main battle tanks
New MBT [Spain]
Programme Background One of the long-term needs identified in the Spanish Army's Force 2035 modernisation plan is a next-generation MBT. To this end, the Spanish ...
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Main battle tanks
New MBT [Belgium]
Programme Background Belgium formally retired its MBT capability in 2014, when it took the last of its 132 KMW Leopard 1A5BE MBTs out of service. ...
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Main battle tanks
New MBT [Colombia]
Programme Background The Colombian Army has evaluated several offers for MBT platforms in the past, though none of these have progressed to the formal contract ...
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Main battle tanks
M1A2 Abrams SEPv3 [Romania]
Programme Background Requirement The Romanian Army's MBT fleet is composed of T-55 variants that are due to be retired in the mid-2020s. Although Romania's TR-85 ...
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Main battle tanks
T-55 Replacement [Peru]
Programme Background Peru received 280 T-55 MBTs from the Soviet Union during the 1970s. Despite their age, these tanks continue to see service, alongside even ...
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Main battle tanks
New MBT [Romania]
Programme Background Requirement The Romanian Army's MBT fleet is composed of T-55 variants that are due to be retired in the mid-2020s. Although Romania's TR-85 ...
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Main battle tanks
C1 Ariete Replacement [Italy]
Programme Background Background Following nearly 20 years of service within the Italian Army, the C1 Ariete MBT is due for an upgrade or replacement. Suffering ...
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Main battle tanks
Botswana K2 MBT
Programme Background The only indication that the Botswana Ground Force was considering the acquisition of the K2 MBT came from a report in Botswana's The ...
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Main battle tanks
MBT replacement [Slovenia]
Programme Background When Slovenia became independent in 1991, it inherited 54 M-84 MBTs from the former Yugoslav National Army. In the years after independence, the Slovenian ...
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Main battle tanks
Leclerc Upgrade (UAE)
Programme Background The UAE MoD has not disclosed any intention to modernise or replace its Leclerc MBTs, but an unconfirmed report published by the Asian Defence ...
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Main battle tanks
VT4 Haider (Pakistan)
Programme Background Pakistan appears to have commenced its programme to acquire a new military off-the-shelf MBT in 2015, when several MBT designs were tested under ...
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Main battle tanks
MBT [Egypt]
Programme Background The Egyptian Army operates a vast number of MBTs, including 1,130 General Dynamics Land Systems (GDLS) M1A1 Abrams assembled in fits and starts between 1984 ...
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Main battle tanks
Wilk
Programme Background The Wilk programme was included in the Polish MoDs Technical Modernisation Plan of the Polish Armed Forces for 2021-2035. It was primarily aimed ...
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Main battle tanks
Al-Khalid-II
Programme Background Pakistan operates a vast fleet of Chinese and Ukrainian MBTs primarily aimed at deterring regional rivals such as India. In order to build ...
Equipment Results - Defence Insight
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Main battle tanks
MBT-2000
Norinco originally developed the Type 90-II for China's People's Liberation Army (PLA), but when it was not selected by the PLA, it continued to develop and ...
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Land: vehicle simulators
MBT-S
The DynaSim Main Battle Tank Simulator (MBT-S) is a medium-fidelity training system for crews and platoon/company commanders. It provides interoperable simultaneous tactical training of multiple ...
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Crew-served assault/anti-tank weapons
130 mm MBT gun
The 130mm L/52 main battle tank (MBT) gun is produced by Rheinmetall and forms part of the company’s Future Gun System. The L/52 is compatible ...
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Main battle tanks
Al-Khalid/Al-Khalid-I
In 1990, China and Pakistan agreed to jointly develop a new MBT which would be manufactured by HIT for the Pakistan Army. The Al-Khalid is ...
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Light tanks
Type 100 Tank
Officially unveiled at the September 2025 V-Day parade, the Type 100 Tank is claimed by China to be a fourth-generation Main Battle Tank (MBT), making ...
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Land: vehicle surveillance/target acquisition systems
GPTTS
Deployed on the Korean K1 MBT, the Gunner’s Primary Tank Thermal Sight (GPTTS) is an integrated FCS that combines direct-view optics, a Gen I 120-channel ...
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Unguided Tank Ammunition
120mm CAN
The 120mm Canister (CAN), manufactured by KNDS, is designed to provide crews with an effective close-defence solution against various threats. The round is STANAG 4385 ...
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Land: vehicle surveillance/target acquisition systems
ELRF M1/LRFD M1
The ELRF M1 eyesafe laser range finder (LRF) and the LRFD M1 LRF/designator both bolt onto the gunner’s primary sight on the M1 Abrams MBT. ...
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Land: battlefield and ground surveillance radar
P-200 Credo-1
The P-200 Credo-1 is a tripod-mounted, pulse-Doppler ground/coastal surveillance radar capable of detecting and tracking a variety of targets. This includes people, vehicles, ships and ...
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Main battle tanks
VT4 (MBT-3000)
The 125mm-armed VT4, also known as the MBT-3000, is the latest MBT developed and manufactured by Norinco. Displayed internationally for the first time at Eurosatory in ...
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Main battle tanks
EMBT
KNDS (KMW + NEXTER Defense Systems) presented its first joint product, the EMBT (European Main Battle Tank) demonstrator, at the June 2018 Eurosatory defence exhibition. The EMBT mounts ...
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Land: battlefield and ground surveillance radar
RATAC-S
The Radar d’Aide au Tir d’Artillerie de Campagne (RATAC-S) is a multipurpose radar designed to detect, locate and classify ground targets or low-flying aircraft at ...
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Main battle tanks
Leopard 2 Next Generation
Aselsan unveiled its Leopard 2 Next Generation (NG) MBT upgrade proposal for the Turkish Land Forces Command’s fleet of almost 300 Leopard 2A4s at Turkey’s ...
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Main battle tanks
KF51 Panther
Rheinmetall unveiled the KF51 Panther at Eurosatory 2022. The MBT uses Leopard 2 components in its bare chassis but with a brand new turret. Its main armament is the ...
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Light tanks
CV90120-T
BAE Systems developed the CV90120-T as a private venture to provide customers with a vehicle that combines the firepower of a 120mm-armed MBT with the ...
