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Air Warfare
October drone digest: Growing desire for CCAs and new VTOL technology unveiled
30th October 2025
During October 2025, several countries and organisations signalled their intention to acquire loyal wingman uncrewed aircraft systems — designated by the US Air Force as Collaborative Combat Aircraft — or to study the capability further, while various new uncrewed helicopters were showcased.
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Land Warfare
Patria completes test firing of new self-propelled gun as demand for systems grows
26th June 2025
Patria quotes a maximum rate of fire of eight rounds a minute from the new ARVE (ARtillery on VEhicle) self-propelled gun with a range of 40km for an assisted round. The rapid, low-risk development is designed to meet emerging requirements which have arisen out of the Ukraine war.
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Naval Warfare
North Korea claims to have its first nuclear submarine
17th March 2025
If its claims are true, the submarine could have a significant impact on other navies in the region and potentially on US foreign policy.
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Naval Warfare
US Coast Guard awards contracts for the construction of up to 150 aids to navigation vessels
2nd September 2025
Agreements with Inventech Marine Solutions and North River Boats cover the acquisition of trailerable aids to navigation boats and cutter boats - aids to navigation – small.
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Naval Warfare
South Korea advances next-gen naval concepts for future force needs
13th June 2025
HHI and Hanwha Ocean outline highly autonomous and unmanned-enabled designs as the ROKN explores force structure for the 2030s and beyond.
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Naval Warfare
Philippine Navy looks to old and new vessels to beef up its fleet
25th July 2025
The Philippines has turned to regional neighbours Japan and South Korea in a effort to boost its naval fleet with new and ex-Japanese ships. The bonds between the countries is an acknowledgment of the rising power of China and the continued manoeuvres of the Asian giant throughout the region.
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Land Warfare
Poland signs US$6.7 billion deal for more K2 tanks and aims for new industrial capability
4th August 2025
The Polish Government sees the latest contract as a big step towards an indigenous capability while also further transitioning from Russian-designed tanks to NATO compliant force.
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Naval Warfare
Beyond GPS: How LEO satellites are changing the game in naval navigation
10th October 2025
Satellite navigation is increasingly critical for global maritime defence, and Low Earth Orbit satellites are rapidly overtaking the traditional and more widely used Medium Earth Orbit option as they are less susceptible to jamming or spoofing.
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Naval Warfare
Australia’s A$12 billion Perth shipyard upgrade offers positive sign for AUKUS
16th September 2025
While the Australian government insists the investment is predominantly aimed at strengthening the country’s defence capabilities, the upgrade also bodes well for the AUKUS pact which Australia’s defence minister said “is going well”.
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Land Warfare
Ukraine’s ground robot army still finding its feet
31st October 2025
Ukraine’s quest to replace soldiers with robots is hitting technical snags. Shephard spoke with industry leaders about difficulties in the field and what solutions are in the pipeline.
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Defence Notes
Australia’s Exercise Talisman Sabre concludes after a series of firsts
14th August 2025
More than 40,000 military personnel from 19 participating nations took part in the 11th iteration of the biennial Exercise Talisman Sabre multi-domain event which was held across Australia and in Papua New Guinea.
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Land Warfare
Europe’s air defence boosted by more IRIS-T SLM system orders
4th August 2025
The IRIS-T (InfraRed Imaging System - Tail/thrust vector-controlled) SLM (Surface Launched Medium-Range) is a surface-to-air missile system has been developed by Diehl Defence. The system is a key part of the European Sky Shield Initiative (ESSI) and have been purchased by Sweden for this role.
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Land Warfare
New version of Altay tank to be delivered “soon” with Turkish engine for later iterations
19th August 2025
The first of the Altay T1 Main Battle Tanks (MBTs) will have a South Korean power pack while later Altay T2s will be fitted with the locally made BMC BATU engine.
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Land Warfare
Companies look to tank-launched guided projectiles for non-line-of-sight effects
29th December 2025
While integration of guided weapons on modern armoured vehicles usually takes the form of a podded launcher on the turret exterior, recent developments suggest the concept of firing missiles from a tank’s main gun could be seeing a revival.
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Air Warfare
DSEI 2025: The fighter market shift to Manned-Unmanned Teaming (MUM-T)
15th September 2025
Manned-Unmanned Teaming (MUM-T) capabilities is set to become a market differentiator for fighter aircraft, allowing 4.5-5th generation platforms to remain relevant to the battlefield.
Programme Results - Defence Insight
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Air: Radio and SATCOM
Air: Radio and SATCOM | AEW&C Aircraft [South Korea]
The Republic of Korea Air Force (ROKAF) has a long-standing requirement for two additional AEW&C; aircraft to enhance its early warning capabilities against potential threats ...
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Data links
Data links | AEW&C Aircraft [South Korea]
The Republic of Korea Air Force (ROKAF) has a long-standing requirement for two additional AEW&C; aircraft to enhance its early warning capabilities against potential threats ...
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Air: Head-up displays
Air: Head-up displays | AEW&C Aircraft [South Korea]
The Republic of Korea Air Force (ROKAF) has a long-standing requirement for two additional AEW&C; aircraft to enhance its early warning capabilities against potential threats ...
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Transponders and IFF
Transponders and IFF | AEW&C Aircraft [South Korea]
The Republic of Korea Air Force (ROKAF) has a long-standing requirement for two additional AEW&C; aircraft to enhance its early warning capabilities against potential threats ...
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Maritime patrol
P-8 Poseidon [South Korea]
Programme Background South Korea is facing an imminent submarine threat from North Korea. The Republic of Korea Navy (ROKN) is operating an aging fleet of P-3C ...
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Directed energy weapons
Cheongwang [South Korea]
Background South Korea will produce the Laser-Based Anti-Aircraft Weapon Block-I (Cheongwang) for the Republic of Korea Armed Forces. The laser weapons will be deployed and ...
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Medium Range Missile Defence Systems: 20-90km range
Cheongung Block II [South Korea]
Background South Korea launched a plan to convert its Cheongung-I systems to the M-SAM Block II configuration. It was announced in July 2025 that it ...
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Medium Range Missile Defence Systems: 20-90km range
Cheongung Block III [South Korea]
Background South Korea's Defense Project Promotion Committee approved the basic strategy for the development of M-SAM Block III (Cheongung Block III). The system will modernise South Korea's ...
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Loitering munitions
Small-Sized Suicide Drones [South Korea]
Programme Background Drone Ambition As reported by Shephard, South Korea has ambitions to possess a large arsenal of drones. In May 2024, the presidential office ...
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Military UAS - HALE
RQ-4 Global Hawk [South Korea]
Background Requirments Seoul required UAS assets to help monitor its neighbour to the north and, increasingly, Chinese activities in waters and in the air near ...
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Loitering munitions
Loitering Munitions (Special Mission Brigade) [South Korea]
Programme Background Drone Ambition As reported by Shephard, South Korea has ambitions to possess a large arsenal of drones. In May 2024, the presidential office ...
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Fighter - multirole
F-X III Phase II (F-35) [South Korea]
Programme Background On 14 September 2014, South Korea signed an FMS contract under the first phase of F-X III programme to supply 40 F-35As for ...
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Frigates
Daegu Class (FFX Batch II) [South Korea]
Programme Background The Incheon and Daegu classes are part of a re-capitalisation effort to replace the older Pohang-class corvettes and Ulsan-class frigates with a new FFX class ...
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APCs/IFVs - 8x8
Stryker (North Macedonia)
Programme Background In its Long-Term Defence Capabilities Development Plan (LTDCDP) published in 2019, the North Macedonian MoD outlined plans to acquire Light Armoured Vehicles (LAVs) ...
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Man-portable missile systems
Mistral 3 [North Macedonia]
Background North Macedonia signed a contract for the procurement of Mistral 3 short-range air defence systems. The systems will modernise the Army and are expected ...
Equipment Results - Defence Insight
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Surface-to-surface missiles
Hwasong-7 (Nodong-1)
The Hwasong-7 is a North Korean tactical ballistic missile based on the Hwasong-6. It has the NATO reporting name Scud D. It was designed with ...
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CUAS - interceptors
Drone Killer
The Uconsystem Drone Killer was unveiled in October 2015 and was developed in response to a UAV threat from North Korea, which saw four North ...
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Surface-to-surface missiles
Hwasong-6
The Hwasong-6 is a North Korean tactical ballistic missile based on the Hwasong-5, which itself is based on the Soviet R-17 Elbrus. Its NATO reporting ...
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Fast attack/patrol craft and interceptors
Gumdoksuri Class (PKX-A)
The Gumdoksuri-class fast attack craft, also known as the PKX-A-class, was designed to replace the Republic of Korea Navy's ageing fleet of Sea Dolphin-class vessels ...
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Artillery rockets
K33
K33 is a 130 mm unguided artillery rocket developed by South Korean Hanwha for the K136 Kooryong MLRS and currently in use with the K239 ...
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Military UAS - MALE
Saetbyol-4
North Korea unveiled two drones at the Weapons and Equipment Exhibition 2023 in Pyongyang on 2 August One drone, which appears to be called the Saetbyol-4, ...
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Destroyers
Sejong the Great Class (KDX-III/HDD-10000) Batch 1
The Sejong the Great-class destroyers were built for the Republic of Korea Navy (ROKN) as the third iteration of its KDX continuous destroyer construction programme ...
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Light UGVs
SCOBOT 200
The SCOBOT 200 is a larger, two-tracked version of the SCOBOT 100 (see separate entry). It can be used for EOD tasks. It was tested ...
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Destroyers
Maya Class (27DD)
The Maya-class (27DD) destroyers are the latest in a long line of modern destroyer classes for the Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force (JMSDF). Well aware of ...
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Military UAS - MALE
Saetlbyol-9
North Korea unveiled two drones at the 2023 Weapons and Equipment Exhibition in Pyongyang on 2 August 2023. One drone, the Saetlbyol-9, or Morning Star-9, ...
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Directed energy weapons
Cheongwang
The Anti-Aircraft Laser Weapon System, Block-I (Cheongwang) is a laser weapon system developed by Hanwha Aerospace. The system can strike small drones and multicopters at ...
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Corvettes
Hainan Class (Type 037)
The Hainan-class (Type 037) class is a range of corvette-sized vessels, mostly in service with the Chinese People's Liberation Army Navy, which cover a range ...
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Frigates
Krivak Class
The Krivak-class (Project 1135) frigates first entered service in 1970 and various types of the class have entered service, particularly the Indian Navy's Talwar-class (see ...
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Anti-ship missiles
HY-2/C-201
The HY-2/C-201, NATO reporting name CSS-C-3 Seersucker, is a Chinese liquid-fuel rocket-powered anti-ship cruise missile developed as an evolution of the earlier HY-1 missile. The ...
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Anti-ship missiles
SSM-700K Haeseong (C-Star)
The SSM-700K Haeseong, also known as the C-Star, is a surface-launched, anti-ship cruise missile. It was designed as a replacement for the Hae Ryong anti-ship ...
