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Defence Notes
Leonardo unveils plans for Michelangelo air defence dome
28th November 2025
The new multi-layered defence system will harness AI to neutralise airborne threats and protect Europe from Russian aggression.
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Air Warfare
Can emergent suppliers of fighter aircraft crack Middle East markets?
9th January 2026
The 2025 Dubai Airshow saw several aspiring suppliers of combat aircraft to the region’s air forces parade their wares in the sky and on the ground. Shephard’s Edward Hunt explores their chance of success in the Middle East.
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Land Warfare
Leopard MBT: Alpha beast gets a reboot (updated 2026)
6th April 2026
Leopard MBTs are German-made main battle tanks that have been in service since the Cold War and have undergone several upgrades to remain competitive in modern warfare. This article traces the history and development of the Leopard 1 and 2 as well as its variants, operational service and future prospects.
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Land Warfare
Europe’s air defence boosted by more IRIS-T SLM system orders
4th August 2025
The IRIS-T (InfraRed Imaging System - Tail/thrust vector-controlled) SLM (Surface Launched Medium-Range) is a surface-to-air missile system has been developed by Diehl Defence. The system is a key part of the European Sky Shield Initiative (ESSI) and have been purchased by Sweden for this role.
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Land Warfare
New agreement signed and another order for CV90s
24th November 2025
More than 1,800 BAE Systems Hägglunds CV90 armoured personnel carriers/infantry fighting vehicles have been ordered by European countries, with some looking at the platform as an option for a light tank.
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Air Warfare
Why Embraer’s C-390 Millennium trajectory continues to climb (updated 2026)
8th May 2026
The medium airlift aircraft is swiftly becoming the top pick for an array of countries wishing to enhance their tactical transport capabilities.
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Land Warfare
First gun barrels for British Army howitzers due from Rheinmetall’s new UK factory in 2027
13th January 2026
The new Rheinmetall facility will supply barrels for UK RCH 155 howitzers and Challenger 3 tanks while also opening up potential export opportunities, providing a currently absent national capability.
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Air Warfare
October drone digest: Growing desire for CCAs and new VTOL technology unveiled
30th October 2025
During October 2025, several countries and organisations signalled their intention to acquire loyal wingman uncrewed aircraft systems — designated by the US Air Force as Collaborative Combat Aircraft — or to study the capability further, while various new uncrewed helicopters were showcased.
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Naval Warfare
How China’s naval advancements are pushing the US Navy to innovate
21st January 2026
The US Navy is set to invest $30 billion in artificial intelligence, cyber, space and autonomy research and development efforts in FY2026 as the force rethinks how it fights in light of China’s naval rise.
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Air Warfare
USAF to use augmented reality technology in F-16 cockpit
20th August 2025
The US Air Force awarded Red6 a contract to install its ATARS software into the aircraft to provide new training solutions, following successful integrations in the T-38 Talon and MC-130.
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Land Warfare
Details revealed on Serbia’s M-84 improved tank
2nd October 2025
The former Yugoslavia built a version of the Russian T-72 main battle tank under the local designation of the M-84. Hundreds of these remain in service with Serbia, Croatia, Slovenia and Kuwait.
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Air Warfare
US Air Force conducts climate testing with the T-7A Red Hawk
9th July 2025
The trainer aircraft recently completed the second round of extreme weather trials after enduring icy, windy and sunny conditions.
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Air Warfare
India elevates defence systems to boost mountain surveillance
17th October 2025
India has strengthened its focus on terrain-adaptive intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance following recent incursions and drone activity along the country’s northern borders.
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Air Warfare
BAE Systems lauds counter-UAS drone progression with live fire trials
18th July 2025
The US-based tests successfully demonstrated the first live trial of a precision guided missile from a modified TRV-150 drone which destroyed both aerial and ground targets.
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Naval Warfare
US Navy approaches the award of a follow-on contract for Aegis production
23rd October 2025
Naval Sea Systems Command intends to grant a production agreement for the Aegis Weapon System covering the FY2026-FY2030 period.
Programme Results - Defence Insight
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Military UAS - small
Adaptable Aerial Platforms (AAP) [South Korea]
Programme Background KF-21 Boramae Crewed Fighter The Republic of Korea's Air Force (ROKAF) plans to acquire the KF-21 Boramae fighter, replacing F-4E Phantom II and ...
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Military UAS - MALE
KF-21 Loyal Wingman [South Korea]
Background KF-21 Boramae Crewed Fighter The Republic of Korea’s Air Force (ROKAF) plans to acquire the KF-21 Boramae fighter, replacing F-4E Phantom II and F-5E/F fighters in the ROKAF. ...
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Military UAS - tactical
Embarked VTOL UAV [South Korea]
Background VTOL Development In January 2024, South Korea's Defense Acquisition Program Administration (DAPA) announced that it would commence development of a VTOL-capable rotary-wing UAV to be ...
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Trainer
Hawk 127 Replacement (Future Lead-In Fighter Training System- Project Air 6002 PH1) [Australia]
Programme Background Requirements The RAAF is seeking a future solution that provides a ‘relevant, adaptable, affordable and safe LIFTS out to 2050’ for training pilots ...
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Military UAS - tactical
Camcopter S-300 [South Korea]
Programme Background Memorandum of Agreement (MOA) On 18 January 2023, Korea Aerospace Industries (KAI) signed a memorandum of agreement (MOA) with Northop Grumman at a ...
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Main battle tanks
T-90M Proryv (New-Build)
The first contract for the T-90M was disclosed in August 2017. Comprising 30 tanks in total, it covered the upgrade of 20 T-90As to T-90M ...
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APCs/IFVs - tracked
T-15 Armata (Contracted)
Programme Background The first contract for 132 Armatas was signed by the Russian MoD in 2015. This will comprise sufficient T-14, T-15 heavy IFV and ...
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APCs/IFVs - tracked
T-15 Armata [Russia]
Programme Background The first contract for 132 Armatas was signed by the Russian MoD in 2015. This will comprise sufficient T-14, T-15 heavy IFV and ...
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Main battle tanks
Iraq T-90S MBT (First Batch)
Programme Background Iraq has reportedly been interested in acquiring Russian equipment such as the T-90S MBT as far back as 2012, but the signing of ...
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Main battle tanks
T-14 Armata [Russia]
Programme Background The first contract for 132 Armatas was signed by the Russian MoD in 2015. This will comprise sufficient T-14, T-15 heavy IFV and ...
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Main battle tanks
T-14 Armata (Contracted)
Programme Background The first contract for 132 Armatas was signed by the Russian MoD in 2015. This will comprise sufficient T-14, T-15 heavy IFV and ...
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Trainer
T-4 Replacement [Japan]
Programme Background The Japan Air Self-Defense Force (JASDF) has been using the T-4 as an intermediate trainer jet since 1988, but now the Acquisition, Technology ...
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Main battle tanks
T-90SA
Since the delivery of the latest batch of T-90SA tanks to Algeria has not been officially acknowledged, no details concerning the contract have been disclosed. ...
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Military UAS - MALE
Marine Unmanned Expeditionary Tactical Aircraft (MUX TACAIR) (Contracted) [USMC]
Background MUX umbrella Since 2016, the USMC has sought to acquire a UAV that can be deployed from a vessel, used for various missions, and ...
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Military UAS - MALE
Off Board Sensing Station (OBSS) [USA]
Background Initial View of OBSS The USAF initially envisaged the Off-Board Sensing Station (OBSS) as an attributable, low-cost, and modular manned-unmanned teaming (MUM-T) solution. More information was given by Kratos' 26 ...
Equipment Results - Defence Insight
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Loitering munitions, Military UAS - mini
MUM-T
The Military Unmanned Teaming (MUM-T) is a UAS in development by Korean Aerospace Industries. Showcased at Seoul ADEX 2021, the MUM-T can be launched from the ...
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Military UAS - MALE
Demogorgon
In late October 2021, the Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL) awarded Kratos Unnamed Systems Division an initial $17.68 million 12-month cost-plus-fixed-fee contract to develop an Off-Board Sensing ...
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Loitering munitions
Air Launched Effect (ALE)
The Air-Launched Effect (ALE) is an in-development uncrewed platform from Korea Aerospace Industries (KAI). Shown at IDEX 2023, it is set to come in two variants, one ...
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Military UAS - HALE
Arrow
The Arrow is a supersonic prototype UAV developed by Singapore-based Kelley Aerospace. According to the manufacturer, the 16.8t prototype will be operated as a conventional UAV, ...
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Military UAS - HALE
Uncrewed Checkmate
At the Dubai Airshow 2021, United Aircraft Corporation (UAC), the parent company of Checkmate manufacturer Sukhoi Design Bureau, announced its intention to manufacture an uncrewed version of ...
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Military UAS - small
Koios
Callen-Lenz manufactures the Koios, a small UAS that is available in VTOL and non-VTOL variants. Designed for the civil and military market, as standard, the ...
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Military UAS - HALE
Defender
The Defender is a jet-powered uncrewed escort aircraft built by GA-ASI. The primary goal of the UAV is to protect high-value airborne assets, such as refuelling ...
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Land: handheld NV devices, Land: handheld day observation/surveillance and targeting systems, Weapon sights for night use (image intensifiers)
MUM-14
The Multi-Use Mini-Monocular (MUM-14) is a modular, passive NVD designed to maintain situation awareness in a range of low-light conditions, utilising a single Gen III ...
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Data links
Micro TMA
Thales Micro TMA is a high-rate datalink designed for uncrewed platforms and video streaming applications from aircraft. It provides command and control functions as well ...
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Light UGVs
X Series
The X Series is a family of UGVs developed by the UK's DCE. Utilising a modular design, the X Series can be configured for a ...
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Loitering munitions
Mighty Hornet IV
Unveiled in September 2025, the Mighty Hornet IV is a development of the MQM-178 target drone designed for attack missions. Kratos and the National Chung-Shan Institute ...
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Military UAS - MALE
MUCCA
Korea Aerospace Industries (KAI) is developing the MUCCA, a medium cooperative uncrewed fighter to potentially operate alongside the Republic of Korea Air Force's (ROKAF) KF-21 ...
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Heavy UGVs
Havoc 8x8 RCV
The Havoc 8x8 Robotic Combat Vehicle (RCV) is a heavy UGV currently being developed by Milrem. It is expected to enter production in 2028 or ...
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Air: aerial targets
BQM-34 Firebee
The BQM-34 Firebee is an uncrewed aerial target system that the USAF and USN have used for more than 50 years. The primary mission of ...
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APCs/IFVs - 8x8
Terrex 2
The Terrex 2 is a larger, heavier version of ST Engineering's Terrex 8x8 armoured vehicle. Available in both amphibious and non-amphibious configurations, it is capable ...
