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Land Warfare
Leopard MBT: Alpha beast gets a reboot (updated 2025)
6th March 2025
Leopard MBTs are German-made main battle tanks that have been in service since the Cold War and have undergone several upgrades to remain competitive in modern warfare. This article traces the history and development of the Leopard 1 and 2, its variants, its operational service and its future prospects.
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Naval Warfare
SEA sells TLS to unnamed navy in the Americas
22nd January 2025
The longstanding modular torpedo launching system has been adopted by the unnamed navy.
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Land Warfare
US Army orders TOW missiles from Raytheon under contracts totalling $676 million
23rd October 2024
The order from the US Army is made of two contracts with some of the weapon systems potentially destined for Ukraine and other set to resupply US stocks of missiles sent to Ukraine.
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Defence Notes
EU commits to increased defence spending and boosting capability
4th February 2025
There has been increased pressure from the second-term Trump administration in the US, as there was in the first term, for increased defence spending from non-US NATO countries, a move which is noted by Europe as already occurring.
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Air Warfare
Why is there an “insatiable demand” worldwide for AMRAAM?
23rd October 2024
Recent contracts and requests to purchase this capability have been reaching multi-billion levels.
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Naval Warfare
NAVDEX 2025: First of UAE Navy’s four Falaj-3 OPVs commissioned
21st February 2025
The vessels were first discussed a full ten years before the commissioning ceremony, and three more are due within the next three years.
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Land Warfare
Poland working to increase artillery capability
10th March 2025
Poland’s old Russian 122mm 2S1 self-propelled (SP) artillery system is being replaced by Krab and K9 SP artillery systems which both fire standard NATO 155mm ammunition.
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Land Warfare
US Army tests integration of upgraded PAC-3 MSE missile with LTAMDS
6th November 2024
Flight trials in the White Sands Missile Range involved the detection, acquisition, tracking and engagement of an advanced Tactical Ballistic Missile.
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Land Warfare
Europe “must provide the overwhelming share” of future defence aid to Ukraine, says US Secretary of Defence
14th February 2025
Pete Hegseth stated that Europe “must provide the overwhelming share of future lethal and nonlethal aid to Ukraine”.
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Land Warfare
Viettel acts as dominant force in Vietnam’s military modernisation
16th January 2025
Vietnam defence manufacturer Viettel, traditionally known for radar and communications equipment, has been moving into new areas including kinetic weapons and loitering munitions.
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Land Warfare
IDEX 2025: Does this up-armoured T-90 tank mean Russia has learnt Ukraine war lessons?
18th February 2025
After significant losses of the T-90 main battle tank (MBT) in the Ukraine conflict, Russia's UralVagonZavod has developed and tested a series of upgrades to enhance the survivability of the platform, with the result on display in Abu Dhabi this week.
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Defence Notes
Ukraine leads the way on battlefield use of directed energy weapons
18th February 2025
Increased drone use in Ukraine and in Middle Eastern conflicts has created a strong impetus to develop laser and radio-frequency firepower as exploration of direct-energy technology intensifies.
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Air Warfare
Second Hypersonic Test Bed flight completed for US Missile Defence Agency
15th January 2025
The US Missile Defence Agency (MDA) teamed up with other Department of Defense organisations, industry and academia to conduct the test.
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Naval Warfare
Fincantieri takes control of Leonardo’s underwater armaments business
15th January 2025
The deal includes a 50% stake in the EuroTorp project which designed the MU90 torpedo.
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Naval Warfare
Saab signs modernisation deal for Sweden’s coastal anti-ship missile capability
24th December 2024
Sweden’s Baltic coastal defence will be upgraded with new missile options.
Programme Results - Defence Insight
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Long Range Missile Defence Systems: > 90km range
Long Range Air Defence [Belgium]
Background In its Strategic Vision Defence 2025 Capability Investment Portfolio (CIP) document, Belgium announced that it has budgeted €1,981,590,000 ($2,287,101,638) for three long-range air defence systems. A decision is ...
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Land: air defence radar
Lower Tier Air and Missile Defence Sensor [US]
Background The US Army's Lower Tier Air and Missile Defence Sensor (LTAMDS) is being acquired from US-based Raytheon. The United States Army is the primary customer ...
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Short Range Missile Defence Systems: 0 to 20 km range
AIM-120D-3 [Finland]
Background In September 2025 the US State Department approved a potential sale of 405 AIM-120D-3 Advanced Medium Range Air-to-Air Missiles (AMRAAM) manufactured by RTX (Raytheon). Note ...
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Medium Range Missile Defence Systems: 20-90km range
Patriot Air Defence System (2023) [Germany]
Background In 2024 Germany placed two orders totalling $2.4 billion for eight Patriot surface-to-air missile systems. Although there were two contracts signed, they are dealt with ...
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Medium Range Missile Defence Systems: 20-90km range
Uplift SHORAD UOR [Canada]
Background The Canadian Army's future GBAD system "will provide tactical air defence protection to friendly forces and vital installations during expeditionary and domestic operations against the ...
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Medium Range Missile Defence Systems: 20-90km range
Medium Range Air Defence [Canada]
Background The Canadian Army's future GBAD system "will provide tactical air defence protection to friendly forces and vital installations during expeditionary and domestic operations against ...
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Military helicopters - maritime
MH-60R [Australia]
Programme Background Requirement The RAN already has 24 MH-60R Seahawks (the last delivered in September 2016), so this represents a 50% increase in fleet size. ...
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Long Range Missile Defence Systems: > 90km range
Long Range Air Defence [Norway]
Background Following a 2023 report which bluntly stated that the Norwegian military was not ready for war and that particular gaps existed in air defence in ...
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ISR/special mission
ISTAR Aircraft [South Korea]
Programme Background 2018 - Issue of RfI The South Korean Defense Acquisition Program Administration (DAPA) stated that Seoul planned to procure additional aircraft to minimise potential surveillance ...
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Fighter - multirole
Rafale [France]
Background The 40 aircraft ordered as part of Tranche 4 are part of a wider French procurement of the Rafale. The order includes plans to ...
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Military UAS - tactical
Project Sea 129 Phase 5 [Australia]
Programme Background Requirement Project Sea 129 Phase 5 was intended to acquire a new ISR UAS capability for the RAN. The aircraft was required to perform ...
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Landing craft and hovercraft
Littoral Manoeuvre Vessel - Medium (Project Land 8710 Phase 1A) [Australia]
Programme Background Requirements Australia has set out requirements for a fleet of up to 18 Littoral Manoeuvre Vessels - Medium (LMV-M) with the release of ...
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Military UAS - small
VTOL UAV [New Zealand]
Background Defence Capability Plan (DCP) In April 2025, the New Zealand government published the DCP, a document that is essentially a blueprint for what procurements ...
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Air: Radio and SATCOM
Air: Radio and SATCOM | ISTAR Aircraft [South Korea]
The Republic of Korea Air Force (ROKAF) has a requirement for up to four intelligence, surveillance, target acquisition and reconnaissance (ISTAR) aircraft to supplement its ...
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Data links
Data links | ISTAR Aircraft [South Korea]
The Republic of Korea Air Force (ROKAF) has a requirement for up to four intelligence, surveillance, target acquisition and reconnaissance (ISTAR) aircraft to supplement its ...
Equipment Results - Defence Insight
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Surface-to-air missiles
SM-2 Block IIIC/Block IIICU
The SM-2 Block IIIC and Block IIICU are medium-range, surface-to-air missiles with active radio frequency seekers. Both missiles are modifications to legacy SM-2 Block III/IIIA/IIIB ...
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Man-portable missile systems
FIM-92 Stinger
The FIM-92 Stinger, passive-guided MANPADS, was developed by General Dynamics to meet the requirements of the US Army to defence against low-flying threats. It replaced ...
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Air: Integrated Defensive Systems
ESTL
The Enhanced Survivability Technology (ESTL) is an integrated self-protection pod with missile approach warning (MAWS) manufactured by Saab. It is designed to counter RF and IR ...
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Surface-to-air missiles
SkyCeptor
The SkyCeptor missile is a multi-mission interceptor developed collaboratively by Raytheon and Israel's Rafael Advanced Defense Systems. It is a derivative of the Stunner missile ...
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Surface-to-air missiles
RIM-116 Rolling Airframe Missile (RAM) Block 2
The RIM-116 Rolling Airframe Missile (RAM) Block 2 is a short-range, ship-launched missile designed primarily to defend naval vessels against incoming anti-ship missiles and aerial ...
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Surface-to-air missiles
SM-1MR Block VI
The RIM-66 Standard-1MR is a medium-range surface-to-air missile that can also take on the role of an anti-ship missile. It was developed as part of ...
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Multipurpose missiles
BGM-71 TOW
The BGM-71 Tube-launched Optically tracked Wire-guided (TOW) missile entered US Army service in 1970. As well as being integrated on vehicles and helicopters, TOW can be ...
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Sea: ship surveillance and fire control systems
MK 99
The MK 99 is a fire control system developed and produced by Raytheon. The system works as an interface to connect a vessel's missiles and ...
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Sea: weapon training
SM-1 and SM-2 Standard Missile and Harpoon Missile with Guided Missile Launcher Mk 13 Mod 4 Simulator
Textron's SM-1 and SM-2 Standard Missile and Harpoon Missile simulator simulates a guided missile launching system and guided missile launcher, Mk 13 Mod 4, in ...
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Air-to-air missiles
AIM-92 Stinger
The Air-to-Air Stinger (ATAS), designated as the AIM-92 Stinger, is a short-range air-to-air missile developed as a helicopter-launched configuration of the FIM-92 Stinger MANPADS. It ...
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Surface-to-air missiles
Raytheon Next Generation Short Range Interceptor
Raytheon are competing for the US Army's Next Generation Short Range Interceptor (NGSRI) programme which seeks to manufacture an optically-guided short-range surface-to-air missile.
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Land: air defence radar
LTAMDS
The Raytheon Lower Tier Air and Missile Defense System (LTAMDS) is an active electronically scanned array Gallium Nitrade (GaN) radar. The use of GaN strengthens ...
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Surface-to-air missiles
RIM-161 Standard Missile 3 Block IIA
The SM-3 Block IIA is an advanced interceptor missile designed for exo-atmospheric engagements against intermediate-range ballistic missiles and limited intercontinental ballistic missile threats. The SM-3 Block ...
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Sea: naval surveillance radar
AN/SPY-3
The AN/SPY-3 is a multifunction naval radar developed and manufactured by Raytheon. Its intended uses include horizon and surface search, navigation, periscope detection, discrimination, and ...
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Long Range Missile Defence Systems: > 90km range
Patriot Air Defence System
The MIM-104 Phased Array Tracking to Intercept of Target (Patriot) is an American Surface-to-Air Missile (SAM) system designed for air-defence duties. The original Standard MIM-104A ...