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Uncrewed Vehicles
Strategic overview: The Ukraine conflict’s robotic armies
12th September 2024
Kiev and Moscow have been competing over who can better harness the ongoing revolution in military affairs caused by AI-controlled and human-operated robots and drones.
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Naval Warfare
Anti-drone directed energy weapons continue to evolve at sea
7th November 2024
Defence companies have been accelerating the roll out of directed energy weapon systems to counter the growing importance of drones in modern maritime warfare.
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Land Warfare
USMC narrows down field for light loitering munition requirement
15th April 2024
The US Marine Corps selected a team of UVision and Mistral to meet a requirement for Organic Precision Fires Mounted (OPF-M) loitering munition in 2021. It has now awarded contracts for the soldier carried light (OPF-L) version after the success of similar systems in Ukraine highlighted the potential for such weapons.
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Air Warfare
New Turkish Kemankes loitering munition begins testing
17th April 2024
The Kemankes 2 was said to be designed to conduct deep-strike missions on high-priority targets.
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Land Warfare
Teledyne FLIR introduces Rogue 1 recoverable loitering munition system
7th May 2024
The company’s next generation of loitering munition allows for safe drone recovery and re-use and can be fitted with three types of warheads.
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Uncrewed Vehicles
US Replicator drone programme enters second year facing uncertainties and challenges
20th August 2024
To date, it is unclear to what extent the effort advanced. In order to progress, it also needs to address issues related to budget, doctrine and integration.
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Land Warfare
AUSA 2024 preview: Vehicles to take centre stage as competitions heat up
3rd October 2024
The Association of the US Army’s flagship conference and exhibition, the largest defence trade show in the US, returns on 14 October presenting one of the few chances for companies to publicly put their platforms to an audience of US decision-makers. Shephard takes a look at what’s in store for 2024.
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Special Operations
AeroVironment to “dramatically” increase production of Switchblades
9th May 2024
The company plans to double or triple production rates for Switchblade 600 and 300 systems.
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Uncrewed Vehicles
Australia to adopt new predatory OWL species
27th June 2024
The Australian Defence Force will introduce the One-Way Loitering (OWL) platform by Innovaero, the country’s first long-range loitering munition, to enhance strike capabilities and understanding of loitering munitions.
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Land Warfare
Analysis: How Russia’s precision strike capability is evolving in Ukraine
31st May 2024
From the frontlines to power stations, Russia ability to target high-level targets in Ukraine has evolved significantly, as it expands missile production and deploys new systems to deliver lethal effects.
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Land Warfare
Hero-120 loitering munitions to be made in US
27th March 2024
Hero-120, a loitering munition system fitted with a 4.5kg warhead, has been designed to carry out strikes against mid-range targets. In June 2021, the US Marine Corps announced the Hero-120 had been selected for its Organic Precision Fire Mounted (OPF-M) programme.
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Uncrewed Vehicles
Singapore Airshow 2024: Interest in Rafael’s Spike FireFly has increased after combat use in Gaza
21st February 2024
The Spike FireFly saw operational use in the West Bank and Gaza Strip in 2023 which has led to increased interest in the loitering munition.
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Air Warfare
Singapore Airshow 2024: Elbit Systems unveils Hermes 650 Spark UAV
21st February 2024
The MALE drone features automatic takeoff and landing (ATOL) capabilities and can accommodate a load of 260kg across eight modular storage stations.
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Defence Notes
In depth: US and China’s complex arms race over Taiwan
28th June 2024
The US and China have been engaging in a complex game of mutual deterrence over Taiwan in a race that features a bewildering range of different equipment.
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Land Warfare
New loitering munitions enhance Russia’s strike capabilities in Ukraine
9th January 2024
Zala Aero’s new loitering munition model has been designed for tactical engagements and features an X-wing design.
Programme Results - Defence Insight
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Loitering munitions
Loitering Munition 1 [Taiwan]
Programme Background 2023 At Taichung in March 2023, NCSIST unveiled the loitering munition. The munition showed the country's focus on asymmetric capabilities to defend itself ...
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Loitering munitions
Medium-Range Loitering Munition with LEO Satellite Data Link [South Korea]
Background New Project In April 2025, the Defense Acquisition Program Administration (DAPA) and the Agency for Defense Development (ADD) announced a new project titled “Development of Medium-Range ...
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Loitering munitions
Loitering Munitions [Estonia]
Programme Background Framework Agreement On 6 December 2024, the Estonian Centre for Defence Investments (ECDI) announced a tender for a framework agreement on loitering munitions for ...
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Loitering munitions
Loitering Aerial Munitions (LAM) [India]
Programme Background Kadet Defence Systems announced in May 2024 that 50 of its Loitering Aerial Munitions (LAM) drones would be delivered to the Indian Armed ...
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Loitering munitions
Hero-30 [Italy]
Programme Background Italian Budget As revealed by the Italian MoD's Multi-Year Defence Programme Document for 2021-2023, a new procurement programme to acquire a loitering munition ...
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Loitering munitions
Loitering Munitions (Special Mission Brigade) [South Korea]
Programme Background Drone Ambition As reported by Shephard, South Korea has ambitions to possess a large arsenal of drones. In May 2024, the presidential office ...
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Loitering munitions
Loitering Munitions [Thailand]
Programme Background Roadmap In February 2024, the RTAF unveiled its White Paper 2024. Incorporating lessons from the Russo-Ukrainian War, the Israel-Hamas War, and other events such ...
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Loitering munitions
Loitering Munition PODS [UK]
Programme Background PODS As the Royal Navy states, Persistent Operational Deployment Systems (PODS) are "interchangeable modules that can be fitted to the surface fleet. Similar in ...
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Loitering munitions
N-Raven / IRIX [Greece]
Programme Background Unveiled during the Defence Exhibition Athens (DEFEA 2023) exhibition, IRIX is a Greek version of the N-Raven loitering munition developed by Paramount in ...
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Loitering munitions
Mission Talon Strike [Australia]
Background Request for Tender (RFT) On 19 May 2025, the Advanced Strategic Capabilities Accelerator (ASCA), an agency aimed at streamlining defence invocation for the Australian Defence ...
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Loitering munitions
Mini-Harpy [Israeli Navy]
Programme Background MADEX 2023 At MADEX 2023, IAI displayed the Mini-Harpy, dubbed the Green Dragon, loitering munition in a 12-system launcher mounted to an Israel Navy Sa'ar 6 ...
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Loitering munitions
Harop [Israeli Navy]
Programme Background MADEX 2023 At MADEX 2023, IAI displayed the Mini-Harpy, dubbed the Green Dragon, loitering munition in a 12-system launcher mounted to an Israel ...
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Loitering munitions
Testing Loitering Munitions [Germany]
Programme Background Three Tested Models In April 2023, Germany reportedly ordered three different loitering munition systems to assess further their suitability for use by the German ...
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Loitering munitions, Military UAS - rotary-wing
Kargu [Turkiye]
Programme Background Following its display at several defence exhibitions in 2017, a production order was received from the Turkish special forces for the loitering munition. ...
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Loitering munitions
Organic Precision Fire - Light (OPF-L) [USMC]
Programme Background Force Design 2030 The USMC Force Design 2030 is a modernisation effort to create a lighter, more agile maritime force. In May 2022, an annual ...
Equipment Results - Defence Insight
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Loitering munitions
Loitering Munition 1
In March 2023, the National Chung-Shan Institute of Science and Technology (NCSIST) unveiled a tube-launched loitering munition known as the Loitering Munition 1. Similar to the configuration ...
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Loitering munitions
Loitering Munition 2
The so-called Loitering Munition 2 is an evolution of the Chien Hsiang. Manfuaucted by the National Chung-Shan Institute of Science and Technology (NCSIST),,the system is ...
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Loitering munitions
VTOL Loitering Munition
As its name suggests, the VTOL Loitering Munition is a VTOL-capable loitering munition. The UAV is manufactured by Flying Wedge Defence & Aerospace, operating from Bangalore. ...
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Loitering munitions, Military UAS - fixed-wing, Military UAS - small
Havoc
The Havoc is an attack UAV manufactured by Astra Systems for long-range strikes and operations that require increased lethality. The Havoc comes in various variants: the ...
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Loitering munitions
DEV-3
The DEV-3 is an Armenian loitering munition manufactured by Davaro. Visually similar to Isreal Aerospace Industries' (IAI) Harop, the platform is fitted with a 10kg ...
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Loitering munitions, Military UAS - micro, Military UAS - rotary-wing
Lanius
The Lanius is a micro-UAV and loitering munition manufactured by Elbit Systems. It can conduct BLOS ISR and attack missions autonomously in complex environments, a capability ...
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Loitering munitions, Military UAS - fixed-wing, Military UAS - mini
Hunter 2
The Hunter 2 is a mini-UAV and loitering munition unveiled by EDGE subsidiary HALCON at the Dubai Airshow 2021. The platform is tube-launched and is ...
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Loitering munitions
Harop
The Harop, and the Maritime Harop variant, is a standoff loitering munition system manufactured by Isreal Aerospace Industries (IAI). Equipped with EO/IR seekers, the combat-proven platform ...
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Loitering munitions, Military UAS - fixed-wing, Military UAS - mini
Papydrone-1800
The Papydrone-1800 is a low-cost loitering munition and UAV that is primarily constructed from cardboard. Manufactured by Peach, a Korean startup, the drone is designed to be ...
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Loitering munitions, Military UAS - fixed-wing
HAASTA
The HAASTA is a loitering munition and UAV revealed at MSPO 2023. Designed by Łukasiewicz Institute of Aviation in collocation with Eurotech, the loitering munition is primarily designed ...
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Loitering munitions, Military UAS - micro, Military UAS - rotary-wing
Viper 300
Viper 300 is a tube-launched loitering munition from SpearUAV. Part of the wider Viper family of drones, the loitering munition is designed to equip the dismounted soldier with ...
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Loitering munitions
RAM 2
The Ram 2, or RAM II, is a loitering munition manufactured by a collaboration of Ukrainian companies. Based on the Leleka-100 UAV, the loitering munition can carry several ...
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Loitering munitions
Green Dragon loitering munition
The Green Dragon is a silent, tactical, low-cost loitering munition system designed to provide small ground units and SOFs with significant situational awareness and firepower ...
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Air: aerial targets, Loitering munitions
Super Simsek
The Super Simsek (Süper Şimşek) is an improved version of the Turkish Aerospace Industries (TAI) training drone turned loitering munition. The drone has reconfigurable payload options ...
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Military UAS - fixed-wing, Military UAS - small
Combat Drone
The Combat Drone is an in-development small fixed-wing platform from Rheinmetall. Based on the Luna NG, the catapult-launched system is designed to be operated as a ...
